INTERVENSI NON FARMAKOLOGIS UNTUK HIPERTENSI PADA ANAK: SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW
Abstract
Childhood hypertension is a global health issue that can persist into adulthood and increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases. This study aimed to review effective non-pharmacological interventions for lowering blood pressure in children. The research method used a systematic literature review with a PRISMA approach. Articles were searched through PubMed, Science Direct, and Cochrane Library databases using the keywords “hypertension,” “children,” and “intervention.” Six selected articles published between 2021 and 2025 that met the inclusion criteria were analyzed, consisting of randomized control trials and cross-sectional studies with sample sizes ranging from 39 to 5,645 children. The results showed that dietary interventions such as the DASH diet, consumption of nuts and seaweed, and sodium restriction effectively reduced blood pressure. Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and motor-psychological interventions were also proven to lower blood pressure and improve vascular function. Breastfeeding also helps prevent increased blood pressure, as it contains bioactive compounds and has low sodium levels. In conclusion, non-pharmacological interventions play an important role in the prevention and management of hypertension in children. The implication for nursing practice is the need for family education on healthy diets, increased physical activity, and support for exclusive breastfeeding as promotive and preventive strategies.
ABSTRAK
Hipertensi pada anak merupakan masalah kesehatan global yang dapat berlanjut hingga dewasa dan meningkatkan risiko penyakit kardiovaskular. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meninjau intervensi nonfarmakologis yang efektif dalam menurunkan tekanan darah pada anak. Metode penelitian menggunakan systematic literature review dengan pendekatan PRISMA. Pencarian artikel dilakukan melalui database PubMed, Science Direct, dan Cochrane Library menggunakan kata kunci “hypertension”, “children”, dan “intervention”. Enam artikel terpilih tahun 2021–2025 yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi dianalisis, terdiri dari desain randomized control trial dan cross-sectional study dengan jumlah sampel 39 hingga 5.645 anak. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa intervensi diet seperti DASH diet, konsumsi kacang-kacangan dan rumput laut, serta pembatasan natrium efektif menurunkan tekanan darah. Aktivitas fisik sedang hingga berat serta intervensi motorik-psikologis terbukti menurunkan tekanan darah dan meningkatkan fungsi vaskular. Pemberian ASI juga berperan mencegah terjadinya peningkatan tekanan darah karena terbukti terdapat kandungan bioaktif dan natrium yang rendah. Kesimpulannya, intervensi nonfarmakologis berperan penting dalam pencegahan dan pengelolaan hipertensi pada anak. Implikasi bagi praktik keperawatan adalah perlunya edukasi keluarga terkait diet sehat, peningkatan aktivitas fisik, dan dukungan menyusui eksklusif sebagai strategi promotif dan preventif
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